Supply and Demand of Natural Gas in California. Natural gas continues to play an important and varied role in California. Nearly 4. 5 percent of the natural gas burned in California was used for electricity generation, and much of the remainder consumed in the residential 2. California continues to depend upon out of state imports for nearly 9. Natural gas has become an increasingly important source of energy since the states power plants rely on this fuel. Natural gas provides the largest portion of the total in state capacity and electricity generation in California. Tracking Progress provides additional information. The Energy Commission determines estimates of natural gas supply, demand, and price as part of each biennial Integrated Energy Policy Report IEPR process. Staffs outlook indicates a gradual rise in price over the next several years. The IEPR provides additional current and historical information and staff recommendation regarding the natural gas supply and demand. Natural Gas Supply Historical Overview. In the mid 1. 99. Field operators can perforate more footage and multi stage hydraulic fracturing, the most notable technological innovation, can stimulate far lengthier zones within the formation of interest. High Current Adjustable Power Supply Circuit using LM317 Gallery of Electronic Circuits and projects, providing lot of DIY circuit diagrams, Robotics. Vadodara Larsen Toubro Limited Switchgear Training Centre Behind LT Knowledge City, Near Village Ankhol, Vadodara 390 019. Tel 91 265 245 7805. This stimulation process involves the pumping of a sand laden viscous fluid, usually water, into the wellbore and into the formation. Sand and water makes up about 9. The operational pressure cracks the rock formation and creates an extensive network of artificial fractures, with each fracture open to a width of no more than two centimeters. Usually, these fractures extend up to hundreds of feet from the well bore. Fractures held open by the proppant allow greater natural gas flow to the wellbore, and thus to the wellhead. In many instances, initial production may experience more than a ten or twenty fold increase after stimulation. As a result of the technological developments in exploration, drilling, and completion, low effective permeability no longer hinders production from tight sandstone and shale formations. Power Supply Pdf' title='7805 Power Supply Pdf' />The illustration below demonstrates a typical fracking operation in a horizontal well along with the creation of a network of artificial fractures after the hydraulic fracturing treatment. The schematic also displays a typical multi stage or multi zone outcome of the subsurface treatment. In California, hydraulic fracturing procedures tend to crack the rock along a narrow vertical band, generally starting at a point several thousand feet underground. As a result, the network of artificial fractures extends only tens to hundreds of feet away from the well wellbore. Power Supply Pdf' title='7805 Power Supply Pdf' />Most of Californias oil and gas production has been from vertical wells drilled into traditional oil and natural gas reservoirs formations. Operators in California have executed few, if any, hydraulic fracturing jobs in horizontal wells. The Monterey shale, a mostly oil play located in the San Joaquin Valley, contains about 1. U. S. EIA in 2. 01. Due to numerous fault lines and pressure from historic seismic activity, the sedimentary strata of the Monterey shale are bent into folds. This folding formation is not as conducive to horizontal drilling as the Bakken or Marcellus shale deposits. Some industry experts believe that performing advanced, three dimensional seismic surveys will be necessary before the Monterey shale can be extensively developed. One inch equals 2. INTEK, Inc., Review of Emerging Resources U. S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays, July 2. The Bakken shale formation predominantly oil and Marcellus shale formation predominantly gas are located in North Dakota and neighboring states and Pennsylvania and neighboring states, respectively. They are the most prolific hydraulically fractured shale plays in the United States, and are used in this case for the sake of comparison to the Monterey shale formation, which has a very different geologic structure than either of them. AAPG Explorer. November 2. The Monterey Shale Big Deal or Big Bust. Natural Gas Demand Historical Overview. Rosalind Krauss The Optical Unconscious Pdf. Natural gas is used for everything from generating electricity to cooking and space heating to an alternative transportation fuel. In 2. 01. 2, total natural gas demand in California for industrial, residential, commercial, and electric power generation was 2,3. Bcfyear, up from 2,1. Bcfyear in 2. 01. Table 1. Demand in all sectors except electric power generation remained relatively flat for the last decade due in large part to energy efficiency measures, but demand for power generation rose about 3. Table 1 Natural Gas Demand in California by End Use from 2. Natural Gas Demand by End Use Bcfy2. Residential. 50. 95. Commercial. 19. 92. Industrial. 54. 85. NG Vehicle. 18. 16. Electric Power. 92. Total Natural Gas Demand. Natural gas residential energy efficiency savings from appliance and building standards totaled 3,8. Building and appliance standards have had a proportionally larger impact on residential natural gas than on electricity or commercial gas use. Residential standards account for natural gas demand savings of 2. Commercial standards account for demand savings of 3. Except for the industrial and petroleum extraction sectors, natural gas demand is seasonal. In the winter, natural gas consumption spikes as residential and commercial customers ramp up space heating. For gas used in electric generation, periods of warmer weather increase demand for air conditioning. These seasonal trends affect both the overall demand for natural gas and the requirements of pipelines and storage to deliver the gas when it is needed and store it when it is not. KEMA, 2. 00. 9 California Residential Appliance Saturation Survey Executive Summary, California Energy Commission, October 2. CEC 2. 00 2. 01. ES, pages 9 and 1. California Energy Demand 2. Final Forecast Mid Case Finale Baseline Demand Forecast Forms, Electricity Efficiency Conservation savings by Planning Area and Sector Mid. Table A 8 http www. Windows 7 Home Premium Oa Acer Laptops. CMFmidcase7 Melissa Jones, Leon Brathwaite, Paul Deaver, et. Natural Gas Market Trends, California Energy Commission, 2. CEC 2. 00 2. 01. Natural Gas to Generate Electricity Historical Overview. Natural gas fired generation has become the dominant source of electricity in California, as it fuels about 4. Because natural gas is a dispatchable resource that provides load when the availability of hydroelectric power generation andor other sources decrease, use varies greatly from year to year. The availability of hydroelectric resources, the emergence of renewable resources for electricity generation, and overall consumer demand are the variables that shape natural gas use in electric generation. Due to above average precipitation in 2. Bcf, compared to lower precipitation years in 2. Bcf and 8. 55 Bcf, respectively. The thermal efficiency of Californias gas fired generation improved more than 2. Moreover, the average heat rate of all gas fired generation, excluding cogeneration, declined from 9,9. Btuk. Wh to 7,8. Btuk. Wh between 2. The less efficient generation may still serve peaking, ramping, and reliability purposes, which are required over fewer hours. Ms Office 2007 Powerpoint Portable. Nyberg, M. 2. 01. Quarterly Fuel and Energy Report. SCAa. htm. 10 The amount of energy used by a power generator to produce one kilowatt hour of electricity. Gas Implication of San Onofre Nuclear Generation Station Closure.